Plate VII · The citation register
BPC-157 TB-500 references, indexed to source.
Every quantitative claim on this site resolves to one of these entries — the peer-reviewed peptide literature and the FDA compounding sources behind the regulatory record.
How this register is organized
These BPC-157 TB-500 references are the complete source list for the digest. Entries [1]-[11] are the peer-reviewed peptide literature behind the research, half-life, and dosage pages — including the BPC-157 pharmacokinetic study [5] and the two human thymosin beta-4 Phase 1 trials [6][7] that anchor the pharmacokinetic record. Entries [12]-[14] are the FDA compounding sources behind the regulatory page. Each carries a DOI or a direct PubMed or FDA URL so any claim can be traced to its origin.
The register is mounted here as a field-book's bibliography: author, year, journal, and identifier, set down plainly. Where a finding in the text is preclinical or single-compound, the source entry is the place to confirm the species and the model. The full citations are listed in the references section that follows.
- Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
- Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95(3):323-333. ↗
- Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
- Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
- Wang Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. ↗
- Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. ↗
- A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin beta4 in healthy Chinese volunteers. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25(16):7755-7765. ↗
- Esposito S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012;4(9):733-738. ↗
- Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2025. ↗
- Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
- Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. (Category 2 entries for 'BPC-157' and 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500,' effective with the September 29, 2023 update; verified 2026-05-29.) ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. (Category definitions; the 503A/503B framework; the January 7, 2025 change to categorization of newly nominated substances; verified 2026-05-29.) ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. (Public calendar listing BPC-157 and TB-500, with KPV and MOTS-c, as bulk drug substances 'being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List' — a scheduled discussion, not a decision; verified 2026-05-29.) ↗